Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer um protocolo eficiente para a organogênese in vitro de Dalbergia nigra. Para isso, plântulas com 30 dias de idade foram seccionadas em seus nós cotiledonares e segmentos nodais. Esses materiais foram cultivados em meio com diferentes combinações das citocininas 6-benzilaminopurina e tidiazuron. Após 60 dias em sala de crescimento mantida a 27°C e submetida a fotoperíodo de 16 horas, foram analisadas as características de crescimento. Explantes dos nós cotiledonares apresentam maior potencial morfogenético, independentemente da adição de citocininas. Nós cotiledonares em meio suplementado com 2.22 µmol L-1 de BAP são a melhor combinação para a propagação in vitro de D. nigra.

Abstract The objective of this work was to establish an efficient protocol for the in vitro organogenesis of Dalbergia nigra. For this purpose, 30-day-old seedlings were sectioned at their cotyledonary nodes and nodal segments. These materials were cultivated in a medium with different combinations of the 6-benzylaminopurine and thidiazuron cytokinins. After 60 days in a growth chamber set at 27°C and a 16-hour photoperiod, growth characteristics were analyzed. Explants from the cotyledonary nodes show a greater morphogenetic potential, regardless of the addition of cytokinins. Cotyledonary nodes in the medium supplemented with 2.22 µmol L-1 BAP show the best combination for the in vitro propagation of D. nigra.

ABSTRACT The objectives of this work were to determine the optimum plot size for tomato seedlings by Hatheway’s method, using the Mestiço and Ozone cultivars, and verify the possibility to obtain the optimum plot size only by non-destructive characteristics. Non-destructives (aerial part height, stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area) and destructives (aerial part dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter and Dickson quality index) characteristics were evaluated. For each characteristic evaluated, experimental plans were simulated in a randomized block design with the combination of I treatments (I = 3, 4, 5, ..., 10, 15, 20 and 25) and R repetitions (R= 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7). The optimum plot size ranged according to the characteristic evaluated. Considering the number of treatments, repetitions and the same experimental accuracy, the stem diameter showed the highest size plot. Thus, the stem diameter can be used as a basis characteristic for the non-destructives characteristics, without the need to destroy the seedling.

ABSTRACT The Atlantic Forest is a biome that has suffered anthropic actions, such as the extraction of hardwood, which can lead to the extinction of endemic species of great economic and ecological value, such as Dalbergia nigra. In this perspective, large-scale multiplication studies are necessary to contribute to the conservation of this species. The objective of this work was to establish a protocol for the in vitro production of axenic seedlings of D. nigra. Four experiments were performed: I. Immersion times in NaOCl. II. Disinfecting agents in seed germination of D. nigra. III. NaOCl toxicity in seeds of the model species Lactuca sativa L. IV. Culture media and glutamine in the germination and initial growth of D. nigra. All experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design. For a better disinfestation and less harmful effects to the seedlings, it is recommended that the seeds be treated with 70% alcohol (1 min) and NaOCl (14 min). NaOCl has a high phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effect, and its mechanism of action in the L. sativa cell cycle is clastogenic and aneugenic, suggesting the formation of abnormal seedlings in D. nigra. The WPM medium and its supplementation with glutamine (0.75 mg.L-1) are recommended.

ABSTRACT Melanoxylon brauna is propagated by seeds, however, low yield, pest attack and short viability are problems in seedling production. In vitro cultivation is an alternative for large-scale seedling production, but studies with this species are scarce. The aim of the work was to analyze the in vitro morphogenesis of braúna. Explants after induction of growth regulators. Three experiments were performed: I. In vitro bud proliferation of juvenile explants at different BAP concentrations. Was analyzed the number and length of shoots (mm); bud explants-1 (%); calogenesis (%) and direct and indirect organogenesis budding-1 (%). II. In vitro rhizogenesis of shoots with different types and auxin concentrations. III. In vitro rhizogenesis of under temporary immersion of shoots at different IBA concentrations. It was analyzed in experiment I and II: calogenesis (%); rhizogenesis (%); number, length (mm) and root dry mass (mg) the shoots. The nodal segment with two axillary buds was the most responsive explant regardless of the use of BAP. The stem apex with the use of BAP (2.5-3.5 mg.L-1) was the most responsive in the proliferation of shoots. Tested concentrations of auxins IBA, NAA and 2,4-D were not sufficient for in vitro rhizogenesis. The average of the maximum technical efficiencies of the variables used to analyze rhizogenic process suggests the treatment of the shoots base by temporary immersion in the IBA at an approximate concentration of 2,500 mg.L-1 and planting on the vermiculite substrate.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de tipos de mudas e idades da planta para a indução floral no desempenho do abacaxizeiro 'Vitória' (Ananas comosus). O experimento foi realizado de abril de 2015 a dezembro de 2016, com mudas de duas classificações diferentes (filhotes com 100 a 200 g e rebentão com 201 a 300 g). A indução floral artificial foi feita no oitavo, no décimo e no décimo-segundo mês após o plantio, e a indução natural também foi avaliada. Realizaram-se avaliações quanto ao desenvolvimento vegetativo, à fenologia e à produtividade. Observou-se interação significativa entre os fatores estudados quanto à largura e à área da folha “D”. O tipo de muda não influenciou a produtividade. O florescimento natural estendeu o ciclo da cultura em 617 dias. A indução realizada no oitavo mês antecipou a colheita em até 167 dias. Induções mais precoces reduziram a produtividade em 58,15%, em razão da redução da massa dos frutos. Plantas induzidas naturalmente produziram frutos maiores, que variaram de 1,0 a 1,2 kg. As induções do oitavo ao décimo mês possibilitam colheitas em épocas mais favoráveis.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of shoot types and plant ages for floral induction on the performance of 'Vitória' pineapple (Ananas comosus). The experiment was carried out from April 2015 to December 2016, using shoots of two different classifications (slips of 100 to 200 g and suckers of 201 to 300 g). Artificial floral induction was performed at the eighth, tenth, and twelfth months after planting, and natural induction was also evaluated. Evaluations for vegetative development, phenology, and productivity were performed. A significant interaction was observed between the studied factors for width and area of the “D” leaf. Shoot type did not influence productivity. Natural flowering extended the crop cycle by 617 days. The induction performed at the eighth month anticipated harvest by up to 167 days. Earlier inductions reduced productivity by 58.15% due to the reduction of fruit mass. Naturally induced plants produced larger fruit ranging from 1.0 to 1.2 kg. Inductions from the eighth to the tenth month promote harvesting in more favorable seasons.

ABSTRACT The development of tissue cultured-based protocols applied to braúna, an endangeres species, would be though highly desirable. However, contamination-free explants are determinant for the success of this technique, which might be vulnerable to the toxicity of disinfectants. Here, we aimed at establishing an efficient protocol for in vitro production of axenic seedlings of braúna and to evaluate the toxicity of disinfectant agents in the Lactuca sativa model species. Experiments I and II: Seeds were treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and fungicide captan, with and without residue, by different immersion times, respectively. The following were analyzed: contamination; germination and normal and abnormal seedlings. Experiment III: Lettuce seeds placed in Petri dishes were exposed to 2.5 mL captan at 0.5; 1; 2; 4 and 8%; 0.01% glyphosate and distilled water. The germination, length of seedlings, cell cycle, nuclear and chromosomal alterations of the cells of the root meristem were assesed. The isolated use of NaOCl was not efficient in the disinfestation of braúna seeds. However, the immersion of the seeds in captan, for 10 minutes with its residue, led to higher germination and vigor indexes; however, resulted in the formation of abnormal seedlings. This compound exhibited toxicity in the lettuce model seeds because affected the germination and the whole development of the seedlings, showing clastogenic and aneugenic action in the meristematic cell cycle.

Abstract Physiological disturbances are one of the major bottlenecks to the expansion of papaya crops due to the negative influence on fruit quality. Studies on genotypes of light-green color have become essential to the development of strategies of tolerance to the physiological disorder skin freckle. Understanding the inheritance of qualitative traits is crucial to selection and prediction of the behavior of segregating generations. Thus, this study aimed to determine the inheritance of the qualitative trait leaf color in segregating generations of crosses between the dark-green cultivar BSA and the light-green cultivar GPC. Inheritance was determined based on the Mendelian genetics laws, by evaluating the phenotypic proportions in the analysis of generations P1 (BSA), P2 (GPC), F1, F2, BC1, BC2, BC2r, and F2:3. The inheritance of light-green leaves from the crossing between BSA and GPG is due to double recessive epistasis.

Resumo O mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) é uma fruteira de bastante interesse econômico e alimentar em todo o mundo. Sua propagação pode ocorrer tanto por via sexuada como assexuada. Tradicionalmente é propagado por sementes, entretanto, a propagação vegetativa vem sendo frequentemente utilizada com o uso de técnicas de cultura in vitro e ex vitro. Na propagação vegetativa o método de estaquia tem sido bastante explorado. Pesquisas também tem sido desenvolvidas utilizando-se a enxertia. A cultura do mamoeiro tem se tornado também, nos últimos anos, um modelo para outras fruteiras no que diz respeito ao uso de técnicas biotecnológicas, visando aplicações que vão da conservação de germoplasma a transformação genética de plantas. Desde o início da década de 70, a cultura de tecidos do mamoeiro vem sendo intensamente estudada, permitindo maior controle do desenvolvimento in vitro, especialmente para as técnicas de micropropagação, organogênese e embriogênese somática.

Abstract Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a fruit tree of great economic and food interest worldwide. Its propagation can occur both sexually and asexually. Traditionally, it is propagated by seeds; however, vegetative propagation has been often used with the use of in vitro and ex vitro culture techniques. In vegetative propagation, the cutting method has been extensively explored. Research has also been developed using grafting. In recent years, papaya cultivation has also become a model for other fruit plants in the use of biotechnological techniques aiming applications ranging from germplasm conservation to genetic transformation of plants. Since the beginning of the 1970s, the culture of papaya tree tissues has been intensely studied, allowing greater control of in vitro development, especially for micropropagation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis techniques.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a biometria de frutos e sementes e a diversidade de genótipos de sapucaia (Lecythis pisonis). Frutos de 12 genótipos de sapucaia foram coletados de plantas na região norte do Estado do Espírito Santo e leste do Estado de Minas Gerais. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias dos diferentes genótipos foram comparadas pelo teste de agrupamento de Scott-Knott. A diversidade fenotípica foi analisada por meio da distância de Mahalanobis, e o agrupamento, pelo método de otimização de Tocher e por dispersão gráfica a partir das variáveis canônicas. A contribuição relativa das características para diversidade foi avaliada pelo método de Singh. Os genótipos de sapucaia divergiram quanto às características morfológicas de frutos e sementes. O genótipo 1 produziu o maior número de sementes por fruto, e os genótipos 2 e 7 produziram sementes de maiores dimensões. Esses genótipos foram separados em grupos distintos, o que é indício de sua combinação para uso em programas de melhoramento.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the biometry of fruit and seed, and the diversity of paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis) genotypes. Fruit of 12 paradise nut genotypes were collected from plants in the northern region of the state of Espírito Santo and in the eastern region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data were subjected to the analysis of variance, and means of the different genotypes were compared by Scott-Knott’s mean clustering test. The phenotypic diversity was analyzed using Mahalanobis’ generalized distance, and clustering, by Tocher’s optimization method and the graphical dispersion of canonical variables. The relative contribution of the characters to diversity was assessed by Singh’s method. The paradise nut genotypes differed regarding the morphological characteristics of fruit and seed. Genotype 1 produced the largest number of seed per fruit, and genotypes 2 and 7 produced the largest seed. These genotypes were clustered into different groups, which is indicative of their potential combination for use in genetic breeding programs.

Resumo A miniestaquia é uma técnica com grandes aplicações em várias culturas, devido, principalmente, ao aumento dos porcentuais e qualidade de enraizamento adventício, reduzindo o tempo para a formação da muda clonal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar níveis de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e substrato no enraizamento de miniestacas de mamoeiro híbrido UENF/CALIMAN 02. Para a realização do experimento, as miniestacas de mamoeiro foram retiradas de plantas matrizes cultivadas em vasos, em casa de vegetação, induzidas a produzir brotos por meio de podas e aplicações de reguladores vegetais. As miniestacas foram afixadas em substrato vermiculita ou fibra de coco em bandejas alveoladas de isopor com células de 4,5x4.5x5,0 cm. As bandejas de isopor foram então colocadas em bandejas plásticas contendo solução de Hoagland modificada onde foram adicionados diferentes níveis de AIB. Após 45 dias, os brotos enraizados foram avaliados e transplantados para vasos plásticos, de 600 mL de volume, com terra, areia e esterco bovino bem curtido, na proporção 3:1:1, nos quais permaneceram por mais 45 dias, quando foram retirados dos vasos e realizada a avaliação final, quando suas raízes foram lavadas cuidadosamente e foram coletados os dados de comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento da maior raiz, massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular e porcentagem de enraizamento. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial com cinco níveis de AIB: 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10 mg L-1, dois substratos: vermiculita e fibra de coco, com três repetições e seis miniestacas por repetição. Os níveis de 5,0 mg L-1 AIB e o substrato vermiculita foram os mais adequados para o enraizamento de miniestacas de plantas hermafroditas de mamoeiro ‘UENF/CALIMAN 02’ em sistema semi-hidropônico, em bandejas alveoladas de isopor, com células de 4,5x4,5x5,0 cm.

Abstract Mini-cutting is a technique with large applications in various crops, mainly due to the increase in the percentage and quality of adventitious roots, reducing time for the formation of clonal seedlings. The aim of this study was to evaluate IBA levels and substrates on the rooting of UENF/CALIMAN 02 hybrid papaya mini-cuttings. To perform the experiment, papaya mini-cuttings were taken from mother plants grown in pots in greenhouse, induced to produce shoots through pruning and growth regulator applications. Mini-cuttings were fixed in vermiculite or coconut fiver substrates placed in alveolate trays with 4.5x4.5x5.0 cm cells, and styrofoam trays were placed in plastic trays where different IBA levels were added in a modified Hoagland solution. After 45 days, rooted buds were transplanted to plastic pots of 600 mL of volume with soil, sand, well-cured bovine fertilizer, in the proportion of 3:1:1, remaining for 45 days. When they were taken from pots, roots were carefully washed, and the length of shoots, length of the largest root, dried mass of shoots and radicular system and root percentage were measured. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block 5 x 2 factorial design, with 5 IBA levels: 0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10 mg L-1, two substrates: vermiculite and coconut fiber, three replicates, with six plants per replicate. IBA levels of 5.0 mg L-1 and substrate vermiculite are the most adequate for the rooting of ‘UENF/CALIMAN 02’ papaya mini-cuttings in semi-hydroponic system in alveolate styrofoam trays with 4.5x4.5x5.0 cm cells.

Resumo Considerando os poucos estudos relacionados ao abacaxizeiro cv. Vitória, conhecer as relações entre as características físicas e químicas dos frutos, e estas com a folha “D”, é fundamental. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as relações da folha “D”, com as características físicas e químicas de frutos do abacaxizeiro cv. Vitória, nas condições edafoclimáticas do norte do Estado do Espírito Santo. O ensaio foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro repetições. Foram analisados os dados obtidos de 433 frutos avaliados individualmente, sendo: 84 no plantio em julho e indução aos 8 meses; 98 no plantio em julho e indução aos 10 meses; 84 no plantio em julho e indução aos 12 meses; 59 no plantio em setembro e indução aos 8 meses; 50 no plantio em setembro e indução aos 10 meses; e 58 no plantio em setembro e indução aos 12 meses. Correlação de Pearson foi realizada entre as características da folha “D” (comprimento e largura) e os aspectos físicos e químicos dos frutos (massa dos frutos com e sem coroa, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, volume de polpa, área translúcida, sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável) para os seis tratamentos. A maioria das relações entre as 11 características avaliadas mostrou-se de baixa magnitude nos seis tratamentos, mas houve correlações de alta magnitude e de aplicação prática de interesse a fitotecnistas, melhoristas, agricultores e consumidores. O comprimento e a largura da folha “D” não devem ser usados como indicadores de qualidades físicas e químicas de frutos do abacaxizeiro cv. Vitória. Frutos com maior massa, com ou sem coroa, ou maior largura ou diâmetro apresentam maior teor de polpa. Frutos com maior massa, com ou sem coroa, apresentam menor teor de sólidos solúveis.

Abstract By considering the few studies related to pineapple cv. Vitória, to know the relationships between the physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits, and they with the “D” leaf, is fundamental. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationships between “D” leaf, with the physical and chemical characteristics of fruits of pineapple cv. Vitória, under the edaphoclimatic conditions in the North of the State of Espírito Santo. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design in split-plot arrangement with four replications. The data obtained from 433 individually evaluated fruits were analyzed, as it follows: 84 at planting in July and induction at 8 months; 98 at planting in July and induction at 10 months; 84 at planting in July and induction at 12 months; 59 at planting in September and induction at 8 months; 50 at planting in September and induction at 10 months; 58 at planting in September and induction at 12 months. Pearson’s correlation was performed between the characteristics of “D” leaf (length and width) and the physical and chemical aspects of fruits (mass of the fruits with and without crown, fruit length and diameter, pulp volume, translucent area, soluble solids and titratable acidity) for the six treatments. Most of the relationships among the 11 characteristics evaluated were of low magnitude in the six treatments, but correlations of high magnitude and practical application of interest to plant scientists, breeders, farmers and consumers were found. The length and width of the “D” leaf should not be used as indicators of physical and chemical qualities of cv. Vitória. Fruits with higher mass, with or without crown or larger width or diameter present higher pulp content. Fruits with higher mass, with or without crown have lower content of soluble solids.

Resumo No Brasil, a principal espécie cultivada de maracujazeiro é Passiflora edulis (maracujazeiro-azedo), a qual é acometida pelo fungo de solo Fusarium. A espécie P. mucronata destaca-se por apresentar resistência a este fungo, sendo assim uma alternativa como portaenxerto ao maracujazeiro-amarelo. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar a anatomia da minienxertia por garfagem no topo em fenda cheia e inglês simples, utilizando ápices caulinares de plantas adultas de P. edulis em portaenxertos clonais de P. mucronata. Quando os porta-enxertos atingiram aproximadamente 2,5 mm de diâmetro do coleto e 20 cm de altura, procedeu-se a enxertia com os fixadores fita Parafilm® e clipe de silicone. Ao completar 60 dias, foi realizada a análise histológica da região de enxertia para verificação da formação do tecido parenquimático cicatricial (calo). Verificou-se o preenchimento da fenda de minienxertia por calo; no entanto, não houve diferenciação do novo tecido vascular, aos 60 dias após a minigarfagem. Durante a execução da minienxertia inglês simples com uso de fita Parafilm®, percebeu-se extrema dificuldade em circundar a fita e, ao mesmo momento, unir os biontes, de forma que fique perfeita a junção dos tecidos. Recomenda-se a minienxertia no topo em fenda cheia com o uso do fixador fita Parafilm®.

Abstract In Brazil, the main cultivated passion fruit species is Passiflora edulis, which is affected by Fusarium soil fungus. P. mucronata species stands out because it presents resistance to this fungus, being thus an alternative rootstock to yellow passion fruit. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of mini-grafting by top cleft grafting and simple English type grafting, using shoot tips of adult P. edulis plants in clonal rootstocks of P. mucronata. When the rootstocks reached approximately 2.5 mm in diameter and 20 cm in height, grafting was carried out with Parafilm® tape fasteners and silicone clip. At the end of 60 days, histological analysis of the grafting region was performed to verify the formation of the scarring parenchyma tissue (callus). The filling of the mini-grafting cleft by callus was verified; however, there was no differentiation of the new vascular tissue at 60 days after grafting. During the performance of the simple English type grafting using Parafilm® tape, it was extremely difficult to encircle the tape and at the same time to join the bionts so that tissue junction is perfect. Mini-grafting by top cleft grafting using Parafilm® tape fastener is recommended.

Resumo Na produção e na qualidade dos frutos do abacaxizeiro, a escolha adequada do tipo de propágulo a ser utilizado, em conjunto com o manejo das idades para a indução floral, são fatores importantes para que seja alcançado o máximo de características desejáveis que definirão o sucesso na produção da fruteira e sua boa aceitação no mercado. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a qualidade pós-colheita de frutos desenvolvidos de diferentes tipos de mudas e idades de indução floral do abacaxizeiro ‘Vitória’. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, sendo as parcelas formadas pelos tipos de mudas (filhote e rebentão), e as subparcelas, compostas pelas diferentes idades da planta para indução floral (8, 10 e 12 meses após o plantio, e o florescimento natural). Foram realizadas avaliações das características de biomassa dos frutos com e sem coroa, circunferência, comprimento, diâmetro, firmeza, translucidez, coloração da polpa e qualidade físico-química. Não foi observada interação significativa para as variáveis biométricas e de biomassa, sendo que o tipo de muda influenciou apenas na biomassa da coroa e no diâmetro do cilindro central, que foram superiores nas mudas-filhote. Para os atributos cor, área translúcida e firmeza, também não houve interação e foram influenciados apenas pelas idades de indução, exceto para a variável de cor referente à intensidade das cores verde e vermelha. Independentemente dos tipos de mudas estudados, nas condições ambientais de plantio realizado em abril de 2015, os frutos originados de induções aos 12 meses e natural apresentaram maior firmeza, característica desejável na exportação e na industrialização, principalmente na fabricação de fatias de abacaxi, pedaços em calda e cristalizados. Mudas do tipo filhote, induzidas aos 12 meses e naturalmente, proporcionaram frutos com relação superior entre sólidos solúveis e acidez.

Abstract For the production and quality of pineapple fruits, the appropriate choice of the type of propagule to be used combined with the management of the ages for floral induction are important factors to reach the maximum of desirable characteristics that will define the success in the production of the pineapple and its good acceptance in the market. The objective of this research was to evaluate the post-harvest quality of fruits developed from different types of shoots and ages of floral induction of ‘Vitória’ pineapple. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with four replications. The plots were made up of the shoots (slip and sucker) and the subplots were composed of the different ages of floral induction (8, 10 and 12 months after planting and natural flowering). Evaluations of biomass characteristics of fruits with and without crown, circumference, length, diameter, firmness, translucency, pulp color and physicochemical quality were performed. No significant interaction was observed for the biometric and biomass variables, and the type of shoots influenced only the crown biomass and the central cylinder diameter, which were higher in the slips. In addition, for the attributes color, translucent area and firmness, no interaction was found, and they were influenced only by the induction times, except for the variable color referring to the intensity of green and red colors. Regardless of the types of the shootss evaluated in the environmental conditions of planting carried out in April 2015, the fruits originated from natural inductions and inductions at 12 months presented greater firmness, a desirable characteristic for export and industrialization, mainly for the processing of slices of pineapple, pieces in syrup and crystallized. The slips natural induced and induced at 12 months provided fruits with a greater ratio between soluble solids and acidity.

RESUMO Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, determinar o tamanho de amostra para análise de caracteres físicos e químicos de frutos maduros de maracujá-fedorento (Passiflora foetida). Foram colhidos, aleatoriamente, 150 frutos de plantas cultivadas em casa de vegetação. Em laboratório, esses frutos foram mensurados quanto a 12 caracteres (comprimento longitudinal; diâmetro equatorial; massa de fruto; massa de casca; massa de polpa; rendimento de polpa; peso de sementes por fruto; número de sementes por fruto; massa de sementes por fruto; acidez titulável; sólidos solúveis e ratio), sendo calculadas as medidas de tendência central e de dispersão e verificada sua normalidade. Determinou-se o intervalo de confiança bootstrap percentil, a partir da simulação de tamanho 4.000, para 150 tamanhos de amostra (1, 2, ..., 150 frutos) de cada caractere mensurado. Os caracteres físicos e químicos analisados em frutos maduros de P. foetida apresentam diferentes precisões experimentais e requerem diferentes tamanhos de amostra. Para o comprimento longitudinal, por exemplo, o diâmetro equatorial e a relação entre estes, seis frutos são suficientes para a estimação da média com um erro de estimação de 5% da média. Se forem considerados todos os caracteres físicos e químicos de frutos maduros, analisados neste trabalho, são necessários no mínimo 39 frutos, assumindo-se erro de 10% da estimativa da média.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the sample size required to evaluate physical and chemical characters of Passiflora foetida fruits. A hundred and fifty fruits were randomly harvested from plants grown in a greenhouse. In the laboratory, these fruits were measured for 12 characters (length, equatorial diameter, fruit mass, bark mass, pulp mass, pulp yield, seed weight per fruit, number of seeds per fruit, seed mass per fruit, titratable acidity, soluble solids, and ratio) and the measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated and checked for normality. The bootstrap percentile confidence interval was determined, from the simulation of 4,000, for 150 sample sizes (1, 2, ..., 150 fruits) measured for each character. The physical and chemical characteristics evaluated in mature fruits of P. foetida exhibit different experimental accuracies and require different sample sizes. To measure only the longitudinal length, equatorial diameter and the relationship among these six fruits are sufficient to estimate the average estimation error with a 5% average. If we consider all the physical and chemical characters of ripe fruit in this work, at least 39 fruits are required, assuming 10% error of the estimated average.

RESUMO A obtenção da área foliar é fundamental em vários estudos agronômicos, sendo um dos importantes instrumentos que avaliam o crescimento de uma planta. O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar equações e selecionar a mais apropriada na determinação não destrutiva da área foliar em Lichieira (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). A partir das dimensões lineares de comprimento (C) e largura máxima (L) do limbo foliar, as equações foram estimadas para os modelos linear, quadrático, potência e exponencial. A equação de regressão linear simples utilizando o produto do comprimento pela máxima largura, dada por Y = 0,2885 + 0,662 (C.L), é a que melhor expressa a estimativa da área foliar de Lichieira.

ABSTRACT Obtaining leaf area is critical in several agronomic studies, being one of the important instruments to assess plant growth. The aim of this study was to estimate equations and select the most appropriate in determining leaf area in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). From the linear dimensions of length (L) and maximum width (W) of leaf limb, equations were estimated using linear, quadratic, potential and exponential models. The linear regression equation using the product of the length by maximum width, given by Y = 0.2885 + 0.662 (L.W) is the one that best expresses the leaf area estimation of litchi tree.